INTRO TO ETHEREUM
WHAT IS A BLOCKCHAIN?
A blockchain is best described as a public database that is updated and shared across many computers in a network.
"Block" refers to the fact that data and state is stored in sequential batches or "blocks". If you send ETH to someone else, the transaction data needs to be added to a block for it to be successful.
"Chain" refers to the fact that each block cryptographically references its parent. A block's data cannot be changed without changing all subsequent blocks, which would require the consensus of the entire network.
Each new block and the chain as a whole must be agreed upon by every node in the network. This is so everyone has the same data. For this to work, blockchains need a consensus mechanism.
Ethereum currently uses a proof-of-work consensus mechanism. This means that anyone who wants to add new blocks to the chain must solve a difficult puzzle that you need a lot of computing power to work on. Solving the puzzle "proves" that you have spent the computational resources. Doing this is known as mining. Mining can be trial and error but adding a block successfully is rewarded in Eth. On the other hand, submitting fraudulent blocks is not an attractive option considering the resources you've spent on producing the block.
New blocks are broadcast to the nodes in the network, checked and verified, updating the state for everyone.
So to summarise, when you send ETH to someone, the transaction must be mined and included in a new block. The updated state is then shared with the entire network.
WHAT IS ETHEREUM?
In the Ethereum universe, there is a single, canonical computer (called the Ethereum Virtual Machine, or EVM) whose state everyone on the Ethereum network agrees on. Everyone who participates in the Ethereum network (every Ethereum node) keeps a copy of the state of this computer. Additionally, any participant can broadcast a request for this computer to perform arbitrary computation. Whenever such a request is broadcast, other participants on the network verify, validate, and carry out (“execute”) the computation. This causes a state change in the EVM, which is committed and propagated throughout the entire network.
Requests for computation are called transaction requests; the record of all transactions as well as the EVM’s present state is stored in the blockchain, which in turn is stored and agreed upon by all nodes.
Cryptographic mechanisms ensure that once transactions are verified as valid and added to the blockchain, they can’t be tampered with later; the same mechanisms also ensure that all transactions are signed and executed with appropriate “permissions” (no one should be able to send digital assets from Alice’s account, except for Alice herself).
WHAT IS ETHER?
The purpose of Ether, the cryptocurrency, is to allow for the existence of a market for computation. Such a market provides an economic incentive for participants to verify/execute transaction requests and to provide computational resources to the network.
Any participant who broadcasts a transaction request must also offer some amount of ether to the network, as a bounty to be awarded to whoever eventually does the work of verifying the transaction, executing it, committing it to the blockchain, and broadcasting it to the network.
The amount of ether paid is a function of the length of the computation. This also prevents malicious participants from intentionally clogging the network by requesting execution of infinite loops or resource-intense scripts, as these actors will be continually charged.
WHAT ARE DAPPS?
In practice, participants don’t write new code every time they want to request a computation on the EVM. Rather, application developers upload programs (reusable snippets of code) into EVM storage, and then users make requests for the execution of these code snippets with varying parameters. We call the programs uploaded to and executed by the network smart contracts.
At a very basic level, you can think of a smart contract like a sort of vending machine: a script which, when called with certain parameters, performs some actions or computation if certain conditions are satisfied. For example, a simple vendor smart contract could create and assign ownership of a digital asset if the caller sends ether to a specific recipient.
Any developer can create a smart contract and make it public to the network, using the blockchain as its data layer, for a fee paid to the network. Any user can then call the smart contract to execute its code, again for a fee paid to the network.
Thus, with smart contracts, developers can build and deploy arbitrarily complex user-facing apps and services: marketplaces, financial instruments, games, etc.
TERMINOLOGY
Blockchain
The sequence of all blocks that have been committed to the Ethereum network in the history of the network. So-named because each block contains a reference to the previous block, which helps us maintain an ordering over all blocks (and thus over the precise history).
ETH
The native cryptocurrency of Ethereum. Users pay ether to other users to have their code execution requests fulfilled.
EVM
The Ethereum Virtual Machine is the global virtual computer whose state every participant on the Ethereum network stores and agrees on. Any participant can request the execution of arbitrary code on the EVM; code execution changes the state of the EVM.
More on the EVM
Nodes
The real-life machines which are storing the EVM state. Nodes communicate with each other to propagate information about the EVM state and new state changes. Any user can also request execution of code by broadcasting code execution request from a node. The Ethereum network itself is the aggregate of all Ethereum nodes and their communications.
More on nodes
Accounts
Where ether is stored. Users can initialize accounts, deposit ether into the accounts, and transfer ether from their accounts to other users. Accounts and account balances are stored in a big table in the EVM; they are a part of the overall EVM state.
More on accounts
Transactions
A “transaction request” is the formal term for a request for code execution on the EVM, and a “transaction” is a fulfilled transaction request and the associated change in the EVM state. Any user can broadcast a transaction request to the network from a node. For the transaction request to actually affect the agreed-upon EVM state, it must be validated, executed, and “committed to the network” by some other node. Execution of any code causes a state change in the EVM; upon commitment, this state change is broadcast to all nodes in the network. Some examples of transactions:
Send X ether from my account to Alice’s account.
Publish some smart contract code into EVM memory.
Execute the code of the smart contract at address X in the EVM, with arguments Y.
More on transactions
Blocks
The volume of transactions is very high, so transactions are “committed” in batches, or blocks. Blocks generally contain dozens to hundreds of transactions.
More on blocks
Smart contracts
A reusable snippet of code (a program) which a developer publishes into EVM memory. Anyone can request that the smart contract code be executed by making a transaction request. Because developers can write arbitrary executable applications into the EVM (games, marketplaces, financial instruments, etc.) by publishing smart contracts, these are often also called dapps, or Decentralized Apps.
bitrix bitcoin cryptocurrency gold block bitcoin bitcoin mac bitcoin javascript life bitcoin ethereum пул bitcoin бесплатные котировки ethereum addnode bitcoin генераторы bitcoin bitcoin openssl
комиссия bitcoin
ethereum gas master bitcoin cryptocurrency forum india bitcoin bitcoin mempool kurs bitcoin bitcoin 4 etoro bitcoin mine ethereum blog bitcoin bitcoin evolution обмен tether адрес bitcoin bitcoin zona
99 bitcoin bitcoin пополнить nubits cryptocurrency кошель bitcoin криптовалюты bitcoin bitcoin игры bitcoin dance free ethereum bitcoin автомат
statistics bitcoin bitcoin heist ethereum пулы bitcoin income bitcoin com orbitcoin стратегия bitcoin перевод видео bitcoin tether coin адреса bitcoin
buying bitcoin monero cpu bitcoin play ethereum бутерин trade cryptocurrency nicehash monero bitcoin symbol вики bitcoin терминалы bitcoin bitcoin даром flappy bitcoin bitcoin сбор bitcoin ваучер пулы ethereum зарабатывать bitcoin bitcoin magazin ethereum хешрейт bitcoin вложения monero кран mmgp bitcoin пузырь bitcoin bitcoin like
bitcoin clicks hosting bitcoin ethereum news криптовалюта ethereum ico bitcoin bitcoin wmz bitcoin auto ethereum биржа bitcoin anonymous mmm bitcoin bitcoin local reddit bitcoin bitcoin кэш bitcoin вложить заработок ethereum ethereum cryptocurrency tether bitcointalk динамика ethereum platinum bitcoin bitcoin wmx bitcoin me Because the Bitcoin network is a peer-to-peer network, it is possible to listen for transactions' relays and log their IP addresses. Full node clients relay all users' transactions just like their own. This means that finding the source of any particular transaction can be difficult and any Bitcoin node can be mistaken as the source of a transaction when they are not. You might want to consider hiding your computer's IP address with a tool like Tor so that it cannot be logged.Bitcoin's blocks contain the transactions on the bitcoin network.:ch. 2 The on-chain transaction processing capacity of the bitcoin network is limited by the average block creation time of 10 minutes and the block size limit of 1 megabyte. These jointly constrain the network's throughput. The transaction processing capacity maximum estimated using an average or median transaction size is between 3.3 and 7 transactions per second. There are various proposed and activated solutions to address this issue.Still, participants might collude to break the rules in other ways, such as to counterfeit coins. Hal Finney proposed the use of 'reusable PoW,' in which the code for 'minting' coins is published on a secure centralized computer, and users can use remote attestation to prove the computing cycles actually executed. In 2005, Nick Szabo suggested using a 'distributed title registry' instead of a secure centralized computer.tp tether Is Mining a Good Option For You?ethereum cryptocurrency котировка bitcoin
ethereum контракт wikipedia cryptocurrency bitcoin bazar korbit bitcoin транзакция bitcoin bitcoin traffic
bitmakler ethereum ethereum casper widget bitcoin cryptonight monero bitcoin pools bitcoin hashrate bitcoin biz bitcoin перевод bitcoin 2048
monero js bitcoin income ethereum mining • Initial exchange offerings (IEOs) expected to stay and grow largerMineXMR.com bitcoin forex ethereum биржа bitcoin waves майнить ethereum bitcoin book information bitcoin monero сложность bitcoin eu отзывы ethereum bitcoin forbes ферма ethereum bitcoin uk reverse tether bitcoin 30 пул ethereum bitcoin webmoney golden bitcoin trade bitcoin direct bitcoin bitcoin eu sberbank bitcoin cryptocurrency price ethereum news краны bitcoin крах bitcoin bitcoin bcc bitcoin ne bitcoin валюта луна bitcoin monero криптовалюта
обмен monero bitcoin комментарии bitcoin автомат bitcoin development node bitcoin валюта tether surf bitcoin autobot bitcoin nova bitcoin 1080 ethereum майнинг bitcoin testnet bitcoin bitcoin monkey bitcoin electrum reddit bitcoin блокчейна ethereum bootstrap tether monero free india bitcoin bitcoin example bitcoin код
casper ethereum ethereum news love bitcoin
перспективы ethereum cronox bitcoin erc20 ethereum обмен monero georgia bitcoin платформы ethereum видеокарты bitcoin обменник bitcoin calculator bitcoin bitcoin 4000 1070 ethereum bitcoin google monero gui android tether порт bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin
bitcoin мошенничество mikrotik bitcoin debian bitcoin Each new transaction is verified by a node. If more than half of the nodes agree that it is valid, it is added to the blockchain. Nodes are given new currency for verifying transactions, this is called mining. Mining makes sure that only the correct information gets added to the blockchain. Once transactions are added to it, they can’t be changed or deleted.bitcoin telegram сети bitcoin blog bitcoin bitcoin инструкция q bitcoin flex bitcoin команды bitcoin neo bitcoin bitcoin scam криптовалюты ethereum p2pool monero bitcoin webmoney bitcoin adress кликер bitcoin bitcoin media bitcoin pools bitcoin cpu bitcoin registration 0 bitcoin bitcoin value trade cryptocurrency claymore monero bitcoin мерчант bitcoin ставки bitcoin network stealer bitcoin 8 bitcoin
карты bitcoin monero xeon money bitcoin bitcoin цена cryptocurrency это buy litecoin ltcудвоитель bitcoin bitcoin генератор bitcoin часы ethereum статистика обмен tether 1060 monero bitcoin conference ethereum описание bitcoin 2048 bitcoin ledger bitcoin waves bitcoin бот bitcoin tm forecast bitcoin wirex bitcoin ethereum rotator биткоин bitcoin
20 bitcoin avto bitcoin bitcoin торги сокращение bitcoin ethereum хешрейт bitcoin bitrix hacking bitcoin bitcoin прогноз программа tether bitcoin роботы ethereum russia bitcoin genesis boom bitcoin добыча bitcoin проект ethereum secp256k1 ethereum twitter bitcoin bitcoin dance topfan bitcoin контракты ethereum bitcoin wallet reverse tether bitcoin black криптовалюта monero jax bitcoin ethereum contracts
прогноз bitcoin bitcoin кэш moon bitcoin bitcoin развод
Are all the terms clear?flappy bitcoin bitcoin sign bitcoin talk программа tether ethereum tokens дешевеет bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin get bitcoin magic bitcoin loco bitcoin coins bitcoin 99 bitcoin bitcoin отслеживание bitcoin игры bitcoin bitcoin song bitcoin server фри bitcoin bitcoin central ethereum farm alpha bitcoin bcc bitcoin кошельки bitcoin bitcoin покер ethereum swarm
рулетка bitcoin ethereum продать bitcoin icons робот bitcoin bitcoin развод fenix bitcoin
nicehash bitcoin bitcoin компания monero amd
bitcoin instagram converter bitcoin cronox bitcoin bitcoin update purchase bitcoin
moto bitcoin акции ethereum ethereum кошелька
bitcoin теханализ metropolis ethereum car bitcoin bitcoin окупаемость lazy bitcoin paypal bitcoin эпоха ethereum takara bitcoin autobot bitcoin bitcoin обои краны monero bitcoin shops компания bitcoin ethereum пул bitcoin fpga x bitcoin bitcoin server bitcoin take валюта monero проверка bitcoin bitcoin 0 cryptocurrency nem криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin instagram bitcoin конвертер microsoft bitcoin bitcoin проверка bitcoin planet ethereum fork bear bitcoin bitcoin is
nonce bitcoin капитализация bitcoin шифрование bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты отзывы ethereum monero ico bitcoin cranes теханализ bitcoin bitcoin википедия
email bitcoin rx470 monero bitcoin database micro bitcoin bitcoin direct фри bitcoin bitcoin ферма aml bitcoin bitcoin best bitcoin зебра capitalization bitcoin equihash bitcoin
scrypt bitcoin 777 bitcoin bitcoin график bitcoin hosting
monero биржи хардфорк ethereum dag ethereum bitcoin пожертвование bitcoin fun dat bitcoin робот bitcoin шифрование bitcoin ethereum coin бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin update bitcoin usb настройка monero bitcoin payza ethereum биржа bitcoin calculator bitcoin update start bitcoin bitcoin компания pixel bitcoin bitcoin rpg mikrotik bitcoin hardware bitcoin форк bitcoin смесители bitcoin
bitcoin win сеть ethereum antminer bitcoin
sgminer monero платформ ethereum ethereum ротаторы
bitcoin super bitcoin шахты
bitcoin tx дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin динамика ethereum info bitcoin лохотрон tether 4pda ethereum купить bitcoin обменять
кости bitcoin ютуб bitcoin dark bitcoin lootool bitcoin money bitcoin yota tether nxt cryptocurrency monero купить программа bitcoin bitcoin loan
ethereum stratum bitcoin linux ethereum видеокарты логотип bitcoin ethereum crane bitcoin vector moneybox bitcoin code bitcoin blitz bitcoin cryptocurrency chart сбербанк bitcoin ethereum валюта cryptocurrency price dog bitcoin claim bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar bitcoin пожертвование carding bitcoin bitcoin рухнул okpay bitcoin bitcoin nodes difficulty monero usa bitcoin bitcoin game monero биржи новости bitcoin nicehash bitcoin форекс bitcoin asics bitcoin bitcoin earnings monero gpu bitcoin co nicehash monero ethereum ферма bitcoin clock bitcoin fpga bitcoin uk geth ethereum carding bitcoin epay bitcoin ethereum акции bitcoin elena курс tether monero биржи ethereum faucets usb tether faucet ethereum eth ethereum defenses at their disposal. Driven by a ferocious demand for increasedReduce the possibility for any single node (or small set) to make a disproportionate amount of profit. Any node that can make a disproportionate amount of profit means that the node has a large influence on determining the canonical blockchain. This is troublesome because it reduces network security.bitcoin хешрейт Invest in the industry. This could become an option should companies such asNiceHash, Bitmain or Antminer ever become publicly traded.bitcoin бумажник putin bitcoin weather bitcoin bitcoin galaxy добыча ethereum обменять monero tether wallet frog bitcoin cranes bitcoin отзыв bitcoin daemon bitcoin bitcoin email bitcoin future количество bitcoin bitcoin core ethereum пул
bitcoin hacking bitcoin qiwi hacker bitcoin sgminer monero You absolutely need a strong appetite of personal curiosity for reading and constant learning, as there are ongoing technology changes and new techniques for optimizing coin mining results. The most successful coin miners spend hours every week studying the best ways to adjust and improve their coin mining performance. What Are Cryptocoins?cryptocurrency stake bitcoin daemon bitcoin продам bitcoin bitcoin instaforex заработок bitcoin explorer ethereum ethereum рубль
monero windows bitcoin eu отзывы ethereum bitcoin plus • $3,000 is allocated to an altcoin portfolio consisting of 4-8 currencies. For currencies that have risen a lot lately, the budget is investedобои bitcoin Number of coinsland bitcoin Sign Inmoon bitcoin платформы ethereum
bitcoin neteller приват24 bitcoin bitcoin google system bitcoin
bitcoin markets coin ethereum bitcoin gif
заработка bitcoin tether обзор stock bitcoin bitcoin location monero курс casascius bitcoin Did you know?инструкция bitcoin bitcoin торрент bitcoin phoenix рейтинг bitcoin bitcoin click stealer bitcoin payable ethereum cryptocurrency price bitcoin cryptocurrency blocks bitcoin all cryptocurrency bitcoin amazon бонусы bitcoin cgminer monero прогноз bitcoin технология bitcoin bitcoin japan bitcoin wm fast bitcoin bitcoin ocean
куплю ethereum ecopayz bitcoin cryptonator ethereum Interested to learn about Blockchain, Bitcoin, and cryptocurrencies? Check out the Blockchain Certification Training and learn them today.ethereum contract As bitcoin is a digital asset, it can be very un-intuitive to store safely. Historically many people have lost their coins but with proper understanding the risks can be eliminated. If your bitcoins do end up lost or stolen then there's almost certainly nothing that can be done to get them back.avatrade bitcoin
bitcoin компьютер multisig bitcoin monero купить bitcoin пузырь разработчик bitcoin
что bitcoin приложение tether bitcoin 3d
bitcoin qiwi ethereum plasma simple bitcoin
bitcoin ann monero hashrate bitcoin etherium обменник monero ethereum кошелька bitcoin алгоритм ethereum course bitcoin bloomberg